Multi-Disciplinary Journal of School of Business, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi (MULTI-JOSOB)Vol. 3 (1), Jan. - Mar. 2022, ISSN: 2756-3766
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DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION OF MOTORIZED SAND SIEVING MACHINE: A REVIEW
*Mbimda
Ali Mbishida, Bakam Vision A., Timothy Danjuma, Benjamin Yusuf Mailafiya,
Aliyuda Yohanna Adamu
Nigerian Building
and Road Research Institute (NBRRI) North-Central Zonal Office Jos, Plateau
State
*Corresponding Author: mbimda.ali@outlook.com, +234(0)8076070055
Abstract:
Sand
is the basic requirement at the construction site as it is being used from
foundation to finishing work. This sand needs to be screened properly for
various stages of application during construction i.e. size of sand for
construction work is slightly coarse whereas that used for plaster work is
fine. Conventionally, sieving is normally done manually using fixed screens
which tend to be tedious and unhealthy to the labourer or using machines which
proved to be faster and efficient compare to the former. However, it was
observed that despite several sand sieving machines, getting good sieved sand
is still a challenge with rate of the waste residual higher than the sieved
sand. As such, this work is centered on a review on design and construction of
sand sieving machines to uncover the existing limitation within the available
machines and proffer best suggestions to curtail the challenges on ground. A
systematic type of review was adopted as it aims to identify, evaluate and
summarize the finding of all relevant studies. Due to scarcity of published
work on the subject area, total number 46 articles were consulted, while only
21 articles scaled through the criteria set for the reviewed. It was found that
90.48% of the sand sieving machines don’t have provision for crushing of sand
lumps, while 42.86% and 33.33% aren’t designed for multiple sieves usage and
doesn’t have proper waste separations respectively. These limitations and few others
that were analyzed are discovered to pose great economical and physical
consequences to both the clients, contractors, engineers and other
professionals within the construction industry. To overcome this challenge,
timely suggestions were made in which if implemented will enhance
sustainability of operations by saving cost through reduction of waste, ensured
timely delivery, good quality of work and enhance safety within the
construction industry.
Keywords:
Sand, Sieving, Machine, Design, Construction
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Sand is used mostly for any kind of construction.
For the of purpose building construction, pure and absolute sand should be
needed.
It also helps in providing bulk, strength, and stability to other materials
such as concrete, mortar, render, cement, etc. Sand is also used as a base
layer which is known as ‘blinding’. It is laid above a layer of hardcore to
provide a level, and dry surface for construction works (Bhote, 2021). Sand is
an essential element in the field of construction and hence sand has broad
usage in various fields. Different size of sand is required for a different
type of work. At a particular worksite, more than one size of sand is used to
complete the work. Similarly, at the construction sites, it is required to use
different sizes of sand for different types of work (Chandramohan, 2020). For
plastering the wall, fine sand of range 0.075mm to 0.25mm is used, for
finishing, fine graded sand is used. And similarly, the size of sand ranging
from 0.25 to 5mm is used for wall reinforcement, grounding, or flooring. And
hence it is required to sieve the sand accordingly (Shende et al, 2022).
Moreover, almost all kinds of sand have some
impurities. To solve this problem sand sieving machine is used. The working
procedure and mechanism of a sand sieving machine are so easy and user-friendly.
Before the invention of this machine (as shown in Plates 1, 2 and 3), people
were sieving sand manually as shown in Plate 4 and 5. It was too much time
consuming that decreased productivity. But this machine does the same thing
automatically that improves productivity as well as saves time (Tigadikar
et al, 2019). Sands are put into this machine and this machine
removes all kinds of impurities such as small rocks, large-grained particles, coal,
clay, and so many things, and finally, you will get the pure and fresh sand. To
improve productivity, ensure the quality of construction, for saving time, this
machine can solve many more such problems in an instant.
However, despite the design and constructions of
several types of sieving machines, most of the sieving machines aren’t designed
for all purpose of sieving as sieves cannot be change to another. This
limitation poses a great concern looking at the fact that the machine cannot be
used in all stages of construction since the size of the sand matters in every
stage. This can lead to time wastages and more financial burden on the client
since another machine has to be brought or traditional method need to be
employed to carry the task as some point. Another challenge outlined by Danjuma
et al (2021) was that some of these
sieving machines do not have proper segregation technique for the removal of
meshed sand and leftover sand. Usage of such sands can finally lead to cracks
and subsequently building failures if not handled on time. Those that are
manually operated as shown in Plate 1 though portable, not fast enough to
complete the job in a good time and
are hazardous to the operators and other professionals within the construction
site. Taiwo and Afolami, (2011) contributed that usage of poor sand material in
the construction industry contributed to about 15-20% of building failures in
Nigeria. Usman (2011) argued to be about 10%. Whatsoever the case maybe, both
authors agreed that good sand is needed for a good structure, whereas building
failures as result to poor sand quality or mixing ratio with cement, water and
gravel can lead to severe economic, social, physical consequence to not only
individual, but the nation at large (Ayininuola and Olalusi, 2004).
Hence, this work is aimed at carrying out a comprehensible review on different published research works on sand sieving machines. The works is centered on identifying gaps on the existing machines and subsequently address those challenges by rendering useful suggestions for greater efficiency on using sand sieving machines. Other machines such as gravel sieving machines, grinders and crushers are exempted. It is believed this work will be of great significance to clients and contractors in terms of cost reduction, good quality of construction work and safety of their working personnel (labourers). It will help the design and construction Engineers by exposing them to problems in the existing machines and suggest ways of solving them, which if implemented will enhance sustainability of operations through reduction of waste, enhance safety and so on.
Plate 3: Vibratory Sieving Machine (Source: Krishnan and Alrisi, 2021)
Plate 4: Traditional way of sieving sand Plate 5: Traditional way of sieving sand
(Source:
Mohjee, 2008)
(Source: Shende et al, 2022)
2.0
METHODOLOGY
In this work, a
systematic type of review was adopted as it aim to identify, evaluate and
summarize the finding of all relevant individuals studies over sand sieving
machines issue, thereby making the available evidence more accessible to
decision makers. The types of articles chosen for this study are strictly
articles or materials on sand sieving machines only. Articles published not
earlier than 2016 are considered because they are believed to be the majority
most recent machines that are obtainable within the construction industry, most
especially in Nigeria.
Meanwhile, a total
number of 46 articles were consulted for the review. Criteria for selection
were set and 21 articles scaled through. 46 articles were consulted simply
because of limited number of publications in the subject area. The set criteria
include content (sand sieving machines) and publication date (not earlier than
2016) as stated above.
3.0
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1
Result
The
Table 1 below shows the results of the reviewed literatures and the outcome of
their laminations, while Figure 1 summarizes the limitations in percentage for
proper comprehension.
Table
1: Literatures
that were reviewed and findings
|
S/N |
Author
(s) |
Project
Title |
Mode
of Operation |
Limitation |
|
1. |
Subramaniam
et.al (2020) |
Design
and fabrication of automated Sand filter and waste separator machine |
Motor
operated |
1).
No proper segregation technique for the removal of meshed sand and leftover
sand 2).
No room for crushing of lumps |
|
2. |
Hasan
and Sourov (2021) |
Design
And Development Of Automatic Sieving Machine For Granular/Powder Materials |
Motor
operated |
1).
Cannot be easily transported 2).
No lump crusher |
|
3. |
Bhote
(2021) |
Design
and Fabrication of multi-purpose sieving machine |
Motor
operated |
1).
No provision for crushing of lumps 2).
Not designed for all purpose of sieving as sieve cannot be change to another |
|
4. |
Hapsenkar
(2020) |
Design
And Fabrication Of Industrial Sand Screening Machine For Green Sand |
Motor
operated |
1).
Cannot be easily transported 2).
No lump crusher |
|
5. |
Duriraj
and Manikandan (2017) |
Design
and Fabrication of sand sieving machine |
Motor
operated |
1).
No provision for crushing of lumps 2).
Not designed for all purpose of sieving as sieve cannot be change to another |
|
6. |
Tigadikar
et al (2019) |
Design
And Fabrication Of Semi-Automated Solar Powered Sand Sieving Machine |
Solar
powered |
1).
No provision for crushing of lumps 2).
Not designed for all purpose of sieving as sieve cannot be change to another 3)
In monsoon and winter days, battery will not be charged and hence affect the
work load. |
|
7. |
Bandgar
(2018) |
Multi-Level
Sand Screening Machine And Analysis Of Vibration Mechanism |
Motor
operated |
1).
No proper waste separation is mentioned 2).
No room for breaking of lumps |
|
8. |
Mahure
(2021) |
Multipurpose
Sieving Machine |
Hand
operated |
1).
No provision for crushing of lumps 2).
Not designed for all purpose of sieving as sieve cannot be change to another 3).
No proper waste separation is mentioned |
|
9. |
Chandramohan
(2020) |
Design
And Fabrication Of Automated Sand Filter And Waste Separator Machine |
Motor
operated |
1).
No provision for crushing of lumps 2).
Not designed for all purpose of sieving as sieve cannot be change to another |
|
10. |
Boy
and Atienza (2017) |
Design
And Fabrication Of Inclinable Trommel Sand Sieve Machine |
Motor
operated |
1).
Cannot be easily transported 2).
No lump crusher |
|
11. |
Minnow
(2020) |
Design
And Construction Of Gari Sieving Machine |
Motor
operated |
1)
No proper detailing about the leftover sand 2)
Sand pouring way is not cleared 3)
Single sieve can be used 4)
Limited usage |
|
12. |
Krishnan
and Alrisi (2021) |
Design
and Development Of An Electronic Sieving For Sand Separation Using Node MCU
System (Plate 3) |
Motor
operated |
1).
As the electronic system is inbuilt, maintenance increases 2).
No provision for lumps crushing |
|
13. |
Handra
(2016) |
Automated
Sand Sieving Machine With Three Sieves |
Motor
operated |
1).
Not portable 2).
Lumps can’t be crushed |
|
14. |
Emagbetere
et al (2021) |
Design,
Construction And Performance Evaluation Of A Horizontal Sand Sieving Machine
And Heating Machine |
Motor
operated |
1).
No provision for crushing of lumps 2).
Not designed for all purpose of sieving as sieve cannot be change to another |
|
15. |
Ogunwole
(2012) |
Design
Construction And Testing Of Dry Sand
Sieving Machine |
Motor
operated |
1).
No proper segregation technique for the removal of meshed sand and leftover
sand 2).
No room for crushing of lumps |
|
16. |
Shende
et al (2022) |
Design
and Fabrication of Mechanical Sand Filter (Plates 2 and 5) |
Motor
operated |
1).
No provision for crushing of lumps |
|
17. |
Magar
et al (2018). |
Design
and Fabrication of Sand Sieving Machine |
Motor
operated |
1).
Purpose is to segregate screws, nuts & bolts from stand 2).
No proper segregation technique for the removal of meshed sand and leftover
sand |
|
18. |
Kurnia
et al (2018) |
Design
and Fabrication Of Industrial Sand Screening Machine For Green Sand |
Motor
operated |
1).
Not portable (i.e transferrable) 2).
Lumps can’t be crushed 3)
Not designed for all purpose of sieving as sieve cannot be change to another |
|
19. |
Talodhikar
(2022) |
Design And Fabrication Of Sand Separator |
Motor
operated |
1).
Lumps can’t be crushed 2).
Not designed for all purpose of sieving as sieve cannot be change to another |
|
20. |
Meshram
et al (2022) |
Design
and Fabrication of Multi-Sieve Sand Sieving Machine |
Motor
operated |
1).
Not easily transferrable 2).
Lumps can’t be crushed |
|
21. |
Biju
et al (2020) |
Design
and fabrication of domestic sieving machine |
Motor
operated |
1).
Not designed for all purpose of sieving 2).
No provision for lumps crushing |
.png)
Figure
1: Summary of limitations from Reviewed Literature
3.2 Discussion
Despite several ideas and research work on sand
sieving machine, the reality on ground in Nigeria is that most sand sieving
work at construction sites are still done manually or at most operated using
the hand manual technique. This can be because most of these machines are
produced outside the country, and that make them expensive to buy. Performing
such task either manually or traditionally as well tends to be time consuming
and poses a great health hazard to the operators handling the sieving process (Swaminathan
and Sachithanandam, 2014).
Another huge challenge is the bulk of lumps of sand
that can be seen in the residuals after being sieved, thereby making the large
volume of the sand to be thrown away. From Fig. 1 above, it can be seen that
the major limitation of the sand sieving machines are their inability to
crushed lumps. Lack of lumps crushing mechanism within the sand sieving machine
can pose significant wastage of sand. Maude et
al (2022) asserted that a lot of sands ranging from 20 – 35% are being
thrown as waste after sieved. This is common mostly with the traditional method
of sand sieving, but now obtainable even with the use of the machines as over
90% of the sand sieving machine doesn’t have lump crusher. Such huge loss of
sand can have severe economic consequence to the client or contractor working
on the construction site. Inability of the existing machines to have multiple
sieves is another limitation of the sand sieving machine that constitutes about
43% (Fig. 1). Lack of multiple sieves will mean changing a sieve of a
particular work to another for another stage of work. This can cause time
wastage. Multiple sieves can also be sure timely, efficient and effective work
delivery.
Lack of proper waste separation is another challenge
that can be met with the sand sieving machine. This has a value of about 33% of
the limitations encountered in sieving machines (see Fig. 1). Lack of proper
waste separation mean that the sieved sand can easily be mixed with the waste residuals
that are meant to be thrown away. If such mixed sand is being used, it can
result to poor finishing and subsequently, failures of the structures due to
the presence of impurities in the sand. Mbishida et al (2019) argued that poor construction materials such as sand,
gravels can result to building failures. Poor soil material does not make good
concrete, block or any form building construction. Hence it can result to
building collapse.
About 28% of sand sieving machines as shown in Fig.
1 are found not be portable, meaning they cannot be easily transported from one
location to another. This as well like other challenges can lead to economical
and physical addition burden to the construction workers and client as well, as
well as untimely work delivery.
Other limitations such as
battery charge failure on sand sieving machines using solar energy as the only
source of energy and manually operated machines constitute about 19.05% of the
total limitations analyzed on this review. Manually operated machines are
mostly not covered so as to curtail the dust that can be rise when using such
machines. These dusts can cause health challenges such as asthma, cough and
catarrh, eyes irritation and so on to the machines operators and other
professionals on the construction sites.
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusion
Review on different published research work on sand
sieving machines was successfully carried-out. Several limitations on these
machines ranging from lack of multiple sieves, un-portability, issues relating
to safety of operators, lack of provision of sand lumps crushing mechanism among
others were identified. It is believed these findings if tackled will enhance
sustainability of operations by saving cost through reduction of waste, ensured
timely delivery and enhanced safety within the construction industry.
4.2
Recommendation
Those
identified limitations can be tackled through adherence to some of the
following recommendation when designing a sieving machine:
i. Provision for lump crushing chamber
before entering the sieving or impact crushing hammers within the sieve can be
improvised for the crushing of lumps. This can tackled the wastage of the sand
that is being thrown away along with other unwanted size of sand and
impurities.
ii. Sieving machines can be designed and
constructed with multiple sieves for all kind of works within the construction
industry. This can ensure cost effective and efficient service delivery.
iii. Provision for covering of sieving machines
should not be taking likely, especially during operations. This will ensure the
health and safety of the operators and other personnel within the construction
site.
iv. Wheels on the machines should henceforth
be incorporated for easily transportations.
v. Proper waste segregation should be
ensured right within the machine. Channels for collecting sieved sand from mesh
and waste residuals should not be on the same side avoid them getting mixed.
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Multi-Disciplinary Journal of School of Business, Federal Polytechnic Bauchi (MULTI-JOSOB)Vol. 3 (1), Jan. - Mar. 2022, ISSN: 2756-3766
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